Prenatal/Infancy Toddler/Preschool Middle Childhood/ Early Adolescence Mid-Adolescence/ Early Adulthood Risk Factors Emerging During Pregnancy and From Infancy Onward Child Difficult temperament Hyperactivity/impulsivity/attention problems Low intelligence Male gender Neurotoxin/neurological insult Pregnancy and delivery complications Family Young mother Maternal depression Parental substance abuse/antisocial or criminal behavior Poor parent-child communication Poverty/low socioeconomic status Serious marital discord     Risk Factors Emerging From the Toddler Years Onward Child Aggressive/disruptive behavior Lying Risk taking and sensation seeking Lack of guilt, lack of empathy Family Harsh and erratic discipline practices Maltreatment or neglect Community Television violence     Risk Factors Emerging From Mid-Childhood Onward Child Stealing and general delinquency Depression Precocious behavior: sex and substance use Positive attitude toward problem behavior Victimization and exposure to violence Family Poor parental supervision School Poor academic achievement Truancy Negative attitude toward school Peer Delinquent peers/siblings Peer rejection Community Residence in a poor neighborhood   Risk Factors Emerging From Mid-Adolescence Onward Child Gun ownership Drug dealing Unemployment Family School dropout Peer Gang membership